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Can Vaping Cause Miscarriage?

Can Vaping Cause Miscarriage?

Can Vaping Cause Miscarriage?

Is it safe to vape during pregnancy? Many believe that vaping is safer than smoking because it doesn't involve burning or tar, which are known to cause cancer and other diseases. However, vaping still poses risks, especially for pregnant women and their babies. This article covers whether vaping, including popular devices, can vaping cause miscarriage. We'll also delve into what we currently understand about vaping during pregnancy and offer advice and tips for pregnant women looking to quit or reduce vaping. Additionally, we'll discuss the pros and cons of using vaping as a method to quit smoking and how to exercise caution when there's uncertainty or insufficient evidence.

Highlights

  • Vaping involves the inhalation and exhalation of aerosol or vapor produced by electronic cigarettes or similar devices.
  • Vaping is considered a potential aid for smokers looking to quit, as it delivers nicotine without the harmful byproducts of combustion and tar.
  • Vaping during pregnancy exposes both the pregnant woman and her developing baby to nicotine, various flavorings, metals, and other chemical substances. These exposures can have implications for fetal development and placental health.

The Risks of Smoking in Pregnancy

Smoking is one of the most harmful behaviors for pregnant women and their babies. Smoking during pregnancy can cause a variety of adverse health effects, such as low birth weight, premature delivery, stillbirth, and infant mortality. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to complications such as ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, preeclampsia, and bleeding. It can also impact the child's long-term health by increasing the risk of asthma, respiratory and ear infections, learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and SIDS. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)

About 10% of pregnant women worldwide smoke tobacco during pregnancy. In some countries, such as Indonesia, Bulgaria, Chile, Greece, France, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Argentina, the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy is even higher than 20%. Smoking in pregnancy is responsible for an estimated 2.4% of all stillbirths and 5% of all infant deaths globally.

Smoking cessation is one of the most critical interventions for improving maternal and child health. Quitting smoking before or during pregnancy can reduce the risk of many adverse outcomes and improve the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. For example, quitting smoking before 15 weeks of gestation can eliminate most of the increased risk of low birth weight. Quitting smoking at any time during pregnancy can reduce the risk of preterm birth and stillbirth.

Quitting smoking can be challenging for many pregnant women. Nicotine is very addictive and can cause withdrawal symptoms like irritability, anxiety, depression, trouble sleeping, cravings, gaining weight, and difficulty focusing. Many pregnant women also have social and environmental barriers to quitting smoking, such as stress, lack of support, peer pressure, exposure to secondhand smoke, and easy access to cigarettes. Because of this, many pregnant women may look for other ways to satisfy their nicotine addiction or deal with their withdrawal symptoms. One of these options is vaping.

The Potential Benefits of Vaping for Smoking Cessation

Vaping can help smokers quit by delivering nicotine without combustion and tar, which are the leading causes of smoking-related diseases. Vaping can also mimic the behavioral and sensory aspects of smoking, such as hand-to-mouth movement, throat hit, and visual cues, which can satisfy the psychological and social needs of smokers. Vaping can also offer a variety of flavors, nicotine strengths, and device types, which can appeal to different preferences and needs of smokers.

Potentially Vaping Can Be Safer

There is some evidence that vaping can be effective and safe for smoking cessation in nonpregnant populations. Both trials also found that vaping was well tolerated and had few adverse effects. For example: 

A randomized controlled trial in the UK found that vaping was more effective than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation at one year, with 18% of vapers versus 9.9% of NRT users abstaining from smoking. Another randomized controlled trial in New Zealand found that vaping was as effective as NRT for smoking cessation at six months, with 7.3% of vapers versus 5.8% of NRT users being abstinent from smoking. 

NRT Forms: Patches, Gums, Sprays.

Vaping may also have advantages over other NRT forms, such as patches, gums, lozenges, inhalers, and sprays. Vaping may be more convenient, cost-effective, and satisfying than NRT, as it does not require a prescription, can be used on demand, and can deliver higher doses of nicotine faster. Vaping may also be more acceptable and accessible than NRT, as it is widely available in shops and online and has less stigma and regulation than smoking.

However, vaping is not a magic bullet for smoking cessation. Vaping still involves nicotine addiction, which can be hard to break and may have adverse effects on health. Vaping may also expose smokers to new risks and harms, especially for pregnant women and their babies.

The Uncertainty of Vaping in Pregnancy

There is a lack of research on the effects of vaping in pregnancy, especially on miscarriage. Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is a common and distressing event that affects about 10-20% of all pregnancies. The causes of miscarriage are often unknown, but some factors that may increase the risk include maternal age, previous miscarriages, chromosomal abnormalities, infections, chronic diseases, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposures.

Vaping Requires More Studies

We still have a lot to learn about the effects of vaping during pregnancy because the studies we have are new, small, and focused on different things. Not many studies have looked at how many pregnant women vape, why they do it, how to stop it, and what it might mean for their health. The studies that have been done have some issues, like relying on people to report their behavior, not getting many people to respond, and not comparing different groups of people. Also, they only follow people briefly and study in small groups.

Current Research Data

Current research on vaping during pregnancy indicates that while it is not widespread among expectant mothers, its prevalence appears to be on the rise. For instance:

In the United States, a survey revealed that the incidence of vaping during pregnancy increased from 0.6% in 2011 to 3.6% in 2015. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, findings show that the majority of pregnant women who vape rose from 1.1% in 2012 to 2.6% in 2016.

These studies also suggest that most pregnant women who vape are either current smokers looking to quit or former smokers trying to reduce their smoking habit.

In the US, for example, 65% of pregnant vapers were current smokers, and 22% were former smokers. In the UK, 77% of pregnant vapers were current smokers, and 15% were former smokers.

Moreover, the research suggests that vaping may offer some advantages for smoking cessation or reduction during pregnancy.

In France, 43% of pregnant vapers reported successfully quitting smoking altogether, while 39% reported reducing their cigarette consumption by over half. A study in New Zealand found that 12% of pregnant vapers quit smoking entirely, and 28% significantly reduced their cigarette consumption.

However, it's important to note that vaping during pregnancy may also pose risks and potential harm to pregnancy outcomes. A US study associated vaping with an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and babies being small for their gestational age. In the UK, research indicated an elevated risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, and congenital anomalies among pregnant vapers.

The effects of vaping during pregnancy are still not fully understood and may be harmful, especially when it comes to miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to determine the direct link between vaping and pregnancy outcomes, understand how it works, and compare the risks and benefits of vaping versus smoking or other ways to quit during pregnancy.

The Potential Harms of Vaping in Pregnancy

Vaping places expectant mothers and their infants at risk of nicotine, flavorings, metals, and various chemicals, potentially influencing fetal and placental development and well-being. The impacts of these substances can vary based on factors like quantity, duration, timing, and exposure method. In some cases, these effects might parallel or surpass those associated with smoking, while in other instances, they could be distinct or poorly understood.

Nicotine

The effects of vaping during pregnancy are still not fully understood and may be harmful, especially when it comes to miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to determine the direct link between vaping and pregnancy outcomes, understand how it works, and compare the risks and benefits of vaping versus smoking or other ways to quit during pregnancy.

  • Impaired fetal growth and development
  • preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal growth retardation
  • placental abruption, placenta previa, placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, and eclampsia
  • miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death, SIDS, and perinatal morbidity and mortality
  • congenital anomalies, such as cleft lip and palate, gastroschisis, neural tube defects, cardiac defects, limb defects, and eye defects
  • neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), learning disabilities, cognitive impairments, behavioral problems, emotional problems, and mental health problems
  • respiratory disorders like asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Flavorings

The effects of vaping during pregnancy are still not fully understood and may be harmful, especially when it comes to miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to determine the direct link between vaping and pregnancy outcomes, understand how it works, and compare the risks and benefits of vaping versus smoking or other ways to quit during pregnancy.

  • Irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract, which can increase the risk of infections, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Allergic reactions and hypersensitivity, which can cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anaphylaxis
  • Toxicity and carcinogenicity, which can damage the cells and tissues of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and other organs and increase the risk of cancer
  • Endocrine disruption can interfere with the normal function and development of the hormonal system and affect the reproductive system, metabolism, growth, and behavior

Some examples of flavorings that may have harmful effects in pregnancy include:

  • Diacetyl: a buttery flavoring that can cause bronchiolitis obliterans, a severe lung disease also known as popcorn lung
  • Cinnamaldehyde: a cinnamon flavoring that can impair ciliary function and reduce mucociliary clearance in the lungs
  • Vanillin: a vanilla flavoring that can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs
  • Benzaldehyde: a cherry flavoring that can irritate the respiratory tract and cause coughing and chest tightness
  • Acetoin: a creamy flavoring that can react with diacetyl and form diketones, which are associated with lung damage
  • Menthol: a minty flavoring that can enhance nicotine absorption and addiction and reduce the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions

Metals

Metals comprise the components of vaping devices, such as coils, wires, wicks, tanks, batteries, and chargers. Metals can leach into the vaping liquid and aerosol during the heating process or due to corrosion or wear and tear. Metals can also be released into the environment during vaping device manufacturing, use, or disposal. Metals can vary in toxicity and bioavailability depending on their type, amount, form, and source.

Other Chemicals

Some vaping products contain added or formed substances like propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The effects of these chemicals can vary based on their type, amount, form, and source. Some effects may be similar or worse than those of smoking, while others may be unique or unknown. Exposure to these chemicals during pregnancy may have various possible effects.

  • Dehydration and dryness of the mouth, throat, and eyes, which can increase the risk of infections, ulcers, and dental problems
  • Irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract, which can increase the risk of infections, asthma, and COPD
  • Toxicity and carcinogenicity, which can damage the cells and tissues of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and other organs and increase the risk of cancer
  • Immunotoxicity, which can affect the function and development of the immune system and increase the risk of infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer
  • Genotoxicity, which can affect the integrity and stability of the DNA and increase the risk of mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, and cancer

Some examples of other chemicals that may have harmful effects in pregnancy include:

  • Propylene glycol: a solvent and humectant that can cause dehydration and dryness of the mouth, throat, and eyes
  • Vegetable glycerin: a solvent and humectant that can cause dehydration and dryness of the mouth, throat, and eyes
  • Ethanol: an alcohol that can cause intoxication and impairment of judgment and coordination
  • Formaldehyde: a carcinogen that can cause irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract and damage the cells and tissues of the lungs
  • Acetaldehyde: a carcinogen that can cause irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract and damage the cells and tissues of the lungs
  • Acrolein: a toxicant that can cause irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract and damage the cells and tissues of the lungs.

Vaping is the perfect alternative to smoking. But, it would help if you always remembered that you and only you are a person who can take care of your health. Also, you might be interested in how long after vaping I can breastfeed.

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